Fed Spend Map

States › Ohio › Nov 2025

Monthly award list · Ohio

New federal awards in Ohio, November 2025

Prime awards of $1.0M or more with a base obligation date in the month and a primary place of performance in the state.

← Oct 2025Dec 2025 →

USAspending caveat. Figures are obligations reported by federal agencies to USAspending.gov, not payments. In USAspending's words: "An outlay occurs when federal money is actually paid out, not just promised to be paid ('obligated')." "Every agency has a Senior Accountable Official who must officially certify that the quarterly financial data submitted by their agency is accurate and complete." "If there are any discrepancies in procurement data, FPDS is the authoritative source." Contract data for the Department of Defense and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is published with a 90-day delay. Data loaded 30 Sep 2026; agencies keep reporting into recent months.

76 new federal awards of $1.0M or more were recorded with a primary place of performance in Ohio in November 2025, worth $988M in total award value: $185M in contracts, $770M in grants, $34M in other assistance.

That is fewer than the state's median month over the last two years (134 awards) and 2.7% of the 2,797 such awards recorded nationwide that month.

The most active awarding agencies were Department of Health and Human Services (6 awards), Department of Education (2 awards) and Department of Defense (32 awards).

76new awards of $1.0M+November 2025state median month: 134
$988Mcombined award valueNovember 2025 · award value
$770MGrantsNovember 2025 · award value
$185MContractsNovember 2025 · award value
$34MOther assistancesNovember 2025 · award value

By recipient

#Recipient organisationAwardsAward value
1Ohio Department of Children and Youth1$286M
2Opportunities for Ohioans With Disabilities Agency2$176M
3Ohio Department of Job & Family Services6$141M
4Ohio Department of Development1$57M
5Ohio Department of Transportation17$48M
6Marathon Petroleum Company LP13$47M
7Department of Natural Resources1$46M
8Treviicos South, Inc.1$42M
9General Electric Company5$40M
10Ohio Department of Health1$19M

By awarding agency

#AgencyAwardsAward value
1Department of Health and Human Services6$383M
2Department of Education2$176M
3Department of Defense32$166M
4Department of Agriculture11$147M
5Department of Transportation17$48M
6Department of the Interior2$48M
7Department of Veterans Affairs2$8.1M
8Department of Housing and Urban Development1$7.8M
9Social Security Administration1$2.1M
10Department of Justice1$1.5M

Compared with other months awards per month

Oct 2025113 · $32B
Nov 202576 · $988M
Dec 2025139 · $1.8B
Jan 2026122 · $759M
Feb 202692 · $480M
Mar 2026142 · $1.6B
Apr 2026133 · $828M
May 2026144 · $893M
Jun 2026142 · $513M
Jul 2026118 · $1.1B
Aug 2026148 · $689M
Sep 2026131 · $568M

The awards largest first

RecipientAwarding agencyTypeAward valueBegunRecord
Ohio Department of Children and YouthCCDD-2026 - CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT BLOCK GRANT DISCRETIONARYDepartment of Health and Human ServicesAdministration for Children and FamiliesGrantBlock Grant (a)$286M20 Nov 2025USAspending
Opportunities for Ohioans With Disabilities AgencySTATE VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION SERVICES (VR)Department of EducationGrantFormula Grant (a)$175M24 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of Job & Family ServicesSNAP STATE ADMINISTRATIVE COSTSDepartment of AgricultureFood and Nutrition ServiceGrantFormula Grant (a)$121M20 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of DevelopmentLIHEAP-2026 - LOW INCOME HOME ENERGY ASSISTANCEDepartment of Health and Human ServicesAdministration for Children and FamiliesGrantFormula Grant (a)$57M26 Nov 2025USAspending
Department of Natural ResourcesPROGRAM: INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT AND JOBS ACT ABANDONED MINED LANDS (IIJA AML) PROGRAM (TITLE IV) AWARD PURPOSE: THE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT AND JOBS ACT (IDepartment of the InteriorOffice of Surface Mining, Reclamation and EnforcementGrantFormula Grant (a)$46M18 Nov 2025USAspending
Treviicos South, Inc.REPROCUREMENT FOR PORTSMOUTH LPP - SEEPAGE BARRIER PROJECT, PORTSMOUTH, OH.Department of DefenseDepartment of the ArmyContractDefinitive Contract$42M26 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of HealthMEDICARE ENTITLEMENT FOR OHIO - FY 2026 - SURVEY AND CERTIFICATION IS A CMS ADMINISTERED PROGRAM THAT PROVIDES MEDICARE AND MEDICAID FUNDING TO STATE SURVEY AGEDepartment of Health and Human ServicesCenters for Medicare and Medicaid ServicesOther assistanceOther Reimbursable, Contingent, Intangible, or Indirect Financial Assistance$19M20 Nov 2025USAspending
Marathon Petroleum Company LP8511749317!DISTILLATE,NAVALDepartment of DefenseDefense Logistics AgencyContractDelivery Order$16M12 Nov 2025USAspending
General Electric CompanyFY26 F-SERIES COMPONENT IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMDepartment of DefenseDepartment of the Air ForceContractDelivery Order$15M20 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of MedicaidMEDICAID ENTITLEMENT FOR OHIO - FY 2026 - SURVEY AND CERTIFICATION IS A CMS ADMINISTERED PROGRAM THAT PROVIDES MEDICARE AND MEDICAID FUNDING TO STATE SURVEY AGEDepartment of Health and Human ServicesCenters for Medicare and Medicaid ServicesOther assistanceOther Reimbursable, Contingent, Intangible, or Indirect Financial Assistance$14M5 Nov 2025USAspending
Modern Technology Solutions, Inc.TASK ORDER PERIOD 2 IN SUPPORT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ADVANCED GOVERNMENT SIMULATION CAPABILITIES (IAGSC)Department of DefenseDepartment of the Air ForceContractDelivery Order$11M21 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of TransportationPROJECT TITLE: ERI SR 0002 24.50 :::: PROJECT DESCRIPTION: AC OVERLAY WITH REPAIRS ON SR 2 IN ERIE COUNTY.Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationGrantFormula Grant (a)$11M5 Nov 2025USAspending
General Electric CompanyF110 FMS SPARES CONSUMABLESDepartment of DefenseDepartment of the Air ForceContractDelivery Order$9.7M18 Nov 2025USAspending
Marathon Petroleum Company LP8511749512!TURBINE FUEL,AVIATIONDepartment of DefenseDefense Logistics AgencyContractDelivery Order$9.6M12 Nov 2025USAspending
General Electric CompanyFMS F110 COMPONENT SPARES CONSUMABLESDepartment of DefenseDepartment of the Air ForceContractDelivery Order$8.1M13 Nov 2025USAspending
The Mahoning CountyPURPOSE: THE LEAD-BASED PAINT HAZARD REDUCTION (LHR) GRANT PROGRAM IS TO MAXIMIZE THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF SIX PROTECTED FROM LEAD POISONING BY ADepartment of Housing and Urban DevelopmentOffice of Lead Hazard Control and Healthy HomesGrantProject Grant (B)$7.8M19 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of Job & Family ServicesSNAP E&T 50% PART REIMBDepartment of AgricultureFood and Nutrition ServiceGrantFormula Grant (a)$7.2M25 Nov 2025USAspending
Concordance Healthcare Solutions LLCEXPRESS REPORT: MEDICAL SURGICAL PRIME VENDOR EXPENDITURES FOR THE MONTH OF OCTOBER 2025Department of Veterans AffairsContractDelivery Order$6.4M21 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of TransportationPROJECT TITLE: LAK US 006 02.06 SUPER :::: PROJECT DESCRIPTION: REPLACE THE SUPERSTRUCTURE OF THE CHARDON ROAD (US-6) BRIDGE OVER IR-271 IN THE CITY OF WILLOUGHDepartment of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationGrantFormula Grant (a)$5.7M5 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of TransportationPROJECT TITLE: MUS/LIC IR 70 00.76/28.91 :::: PROJECT DESCRIPTION: RESURFACING WITH RELATED WORK ALONG I.R. 70 IN MUSKINGUM AND LICKING COUNTIES.Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationGrantFormula Grant (a)$5.6M5 Nov 2025USAspending
General Electric CompanyFMS F110 COMPONENT SPARES CONSUMABLESDepartment of DefenseDepartment of the Air ForceContractDelivery Order$4.6M12 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of Job & Family ServicesSNAP E&T 50% OPERATIONAL GRANTDepartment of AgricultureFood and Nutrition ServiceGrantFormula Grant (a)$4.6M25 Nov 2025USAspending
Marathon Petroleum Company LP8511756058!TURBINE FUEL,AVIATIONDepartment of DefenseDefense Logistics AgencyContractDelivery Order$4.3M14 Nov 2025USAspending
Carahsoft Technology CorpTHIS CONTRACT IS FOR THE PROCUREMENT OF FORESCOUT ADOPTION EXPERTISE ADVANCED SUPPORT, FORESCOUT COMPLY TO CONNECT (C2C) CORE TERM LICENSE BUNDLES. THIS IS TO EDepartment of DefenseDepartment of the Air ForceContractBpa Call$4.3M26 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of TransportationPROJECT TITLE: LIC SR 13 11.11 :::: PROJECT DESCRIPTION: RESURFACING WITH RELATED WORK ALONG SR 13 IN LICKING COUNTY.Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationGrantFormula Grant (a)$4.0M5 Nov 2025USAspending
Honeywell International Inc.8511682487!POWER SUPPLYDepartment of DefenseDefense Logistics AgencyContractDelivery Order$3.6M3 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of TransportationPROJECT TITLE: BUT SR 747 0.00 :::: PROJECT DESCRIPTION: RESURFACING A PORTION OF SR 747 IN BUTLER COUNTYDepartment of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationGrantFormula Grant (a)$3.2M4 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of Job & Family ServicesCAP CSFP-ADMIN GRANTS TO STSDepartment of AgricultureFood and Nutrition ServiceGrantFormula Grant (a)$3.2M18 Nov 2025USAspending
Coshocton County Head Start Inc.HEAD START AND EARLY HEAD STARTDepartment of Health and Human ServicesAdministration for Children and FamiliesGrantProject Grant (B)$3.1M26 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of Job & Family ServicesCAP TEFAP ADMIN GRTS TO STSDepartment of AgricultureFood and Nutrition ServiceGrantFormula Grant (a)$3.0M18 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of TransportationPROJECT TITLE: MIA IR 75 04.92 :::: PROJECT DESCRIPTION: PERFORM CONCRETE PAVEMENT REPAIRS. MIAMI COUNTY.Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationGrantFormula Grant (a)$2.7M5 Nov 2025USAspending
Marathon Petroleum Company LP8511753137!TURBINE FUEL,AVIATIONDepartment of DefenseDefense Logistics AgencyContractDelivery Order$2.5M13 Nov 2025USAspending
General Electric CompanyFY26 J85-5 ENGINE COMPONENT IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMDepartment of DefenseDepartment of the Air ForceContractDelivery Order$2.4M20 Nov 2025USAspending
Husky Marketing and Supply Company8511761551!TURBINE FUEL,AVIATIONDepartment of DefenseDefense Logistics AgencyContractDelivery Order$2.4M18 Nov 2025USAspending
Case Western Reserve UniversityAIR TO WATER TO BENTHIC SURFACE, CROSS DOMAIN BIO-INSPIRED ROBOTICS - MULTIFUNCTIONAL LEGSDepartment of DefenseDepartment of the NavyGrantProject Grant (B)$2.4M20 Nov 2025USAspending
Marathon Petroleum Company LP8511743337!TURBINE FUEL,AVIATIONDepartment of DefenseDefense Logistics AgencyContractDelivery Order$2.4M6 Nov 2025USAspending
Marathon Petroleum Company LP8511749195!TURBINE FUEL,AVIATIONDepartment of DefenseDefense Logistics AgencyContractDelivery Order$2.4M12 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of Job & Family ServicesGY2026 ORR REFUGEE CASH AND MEDICAL ASSISTANCEDepartment of Health and Human ServicesAdministration for Children and FamiliesGrantBlock Grant (a)$2.4M13 Nov 2025USAspending
JTM Provisions Co IncCOMMODITIES FOR USG FOOD DONATIONS: 2000011078/4400002238/4100033194/CHICKEN DICED CTN-40 LBDepartment of AgricultureAgricultural Marketing ServiceContractDelivery Order$2.1M26 Nov 2025USAspending
Stratcomm, Inc.REGION 5-1 (MICHIGAN AND OHIO) VERBATIM HEARING RECORDER (VHR) SERVICES. PROVIDE DIGITAL RECORDING FOR DISABILITY HEARINGS. TASK ORDER FOR 46,155 HEARINGS.Social Security AdministrationContractDelivery Order$2.1M24 Nov 2025USAspending
Veterans Aerospace LLC8511759545!ARMING UNIT, ELECTROMECHANICADepartment of DefenseDefense Logistics AgencyContractDefinitive Contract$2.1M26 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of TransportationPROJECT TITLE: SEN SR 19/228/590 6.07/0.00/0.00 :::: PROJECT DESCRIPTION: A PROJECT TO RESURFACE SR-19, SR-228, SR-590 IN SENECA COUNTY; PERFORM NECESSARY RELATDepartment of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationGrantFormula Grant (a)$2.0M3 Nov 2025USAspending
Marathon Petroleum Company LP8511775644!TURBINE FUEL,AVIATIONDepartment of DefenseDefense Logistics AgencyContractDelivery Order$2.0M24 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of TransportationPROJECT TITLE: HAM GROOMS ROAD CONNECTOR :::: PROJECT DESCRIPTION: CONSTRUCTION OF A NEW ROADWAY TO CONNECT GROOMS ROAD TO REED HARTMAN HIGHWAY.Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationGrantProject Grant (B)$2.0M25 Nov 2025USAspending
Marathon Petroleum Company LP8511753069!TURBINE FUEL,AVIATIONDepartment of DefenseDefense Logistics AgencyContractDelivery Order$2.0M13 Nov 2025USAspending
Husky Marketing and Supply Company8511740380!TURBINE FUEL,AVIATIONDepartment of DefenseDefense Logistics AgencyContractDelivery Order$2.0M5 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of TransportationPROJECT TITLE: D10 GENERAL SYSTEM GR FY2026 :::: PROJECT DESCRIPTION: GUARDRAIL UPGRADE/REPLACEMENT PROJECT FOR FY2026. VARIOUS ROUTES AND SECTIONS IN D10.Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationGrantFormula Grant (a)$1.7M5 Nov 2025USAspending
GE Aviation Systems LLCGENERATOR,ALTERNATIDepartment of DefenseDepartment of the NavyContractDelivery Order$1.7M17 Nov 2025USAspending
Axess Family Services, Inc.THE SSVF PROGRAM'S PURPOSE IS TO PROVIDE SUPPORTIVE SERVICES GRANTS TO PRIVATE NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS AND CONSUMER COOPERATIVES, WHO WILL COORDINATE OR PROVIDDepartment of Veterans AffairsUnder Secretary for Health/Veterans Health AdministrationGrantProject Grant (B)$1.7M5 Nov 2025USAspending
Baxters North America, Inc.8511735170!FOOD PACKET, MORE, HIGH ALTITDepartment of DefenseDefense Logistics AgencyContractDelivery Order$1.7M3 Nov 2025USAspending
Miceli Dairy Products CoCOMMODITIES FOR USG FOOD DONATIONS: 2000011033/4400002394/4100033132/CHEESE MOZ LITE SHRED FRZ BOX-30 LB,CHEESE MOZ LM PART SKM SHRD FRZ BOX-30LB,CHEESE MOZ LM Department of AgricultureAgricultural Marketing ServiceContractDelivery Order$1.7M13 Nov 2025USAspending
HDT Expeditionary Systems Inc8511749588!TENTDepartment of DefenseDefense Logistics AgencyContractDelivery Order$1.7M12 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of TransportationPROJECT TITLE: SUM IR 0077 22.50 CORRIDOR :::: PROJECT DESCRIPTION: CORRIDOR STUDY ALONG SUM IR 77 FROM THE SR 21 INTERCHANGE TO THE SR 18 INTERCHANGE. SUMMIT CDepartment of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationGrantFormula Grant (a)$1.6M3 Nov 2025USAspending
Marathon Petroleum Company LP8511778076!TURBINE FUEL,AVIATIONDepartment of DefenseDefense Logistics AgencyContractDelivery Order$1.6M25 Nov 2025USAspending
Flightsafety International IncTHU TRAININGDepartment of JusticeFederal Bureau of InvestigationContractBpa Call$1.5M19 Nov 2025USAspending
Integrated Procurement TechnologiesFILTER ELEMENT,REVEDepartment of DefenseDepartment of the NavyContractDelivery Order$1.4M13 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of TransportationPROJECT TITLE: D07 BP FY26 :::: PROJECT DESCRIPTION: PAINT BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURES IN DISTRICT 7.Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationGrantFormula Grant (a)$1.4M5 Nov 2025USAspending
Miceli Dairy Products CoCOMMODITIES FOR USG FOOD DONATIONS: 2000011034/4400002387/4100033143/CHEESE MOZ LM PT SKM UNFZ PROC PK(41125)Department of AgricultureAgricultural Marketing ServiceContractDelivery Order$1.4M14 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of TransportationPROJECT TITLE: GUE IR 70 12.32 :::: PROJECT DESCRIPTION: RESURFACING AND RELATED ROADWAY WORK. GUERNSEY COUNTY.Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationGrantFormula Grant (a)$1.4M5 Nov 2025USAspending
JTM Provisions Co IncCOMMODITIES FOR USG FOOD DONATIONS: 2000011076/4400002404/4100033193/CHICKEN FAJITA STRIPS CTN-30 LBDepartment of AgricultureAgricultural Marketing ServiceContractDelivery Order$1.4M26 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of TransportationPROJECT TITLE: LUC CR 501 0.00 BYRNE BIKE LANES :::: PROJECT DESCRIPTION: PROJECT IN CITY OF TOLEDO TO RESURFACE BYRNE RD FROM HEATHERDOWNS BLVD TO DETROIT AVE Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationGrantFormula Grant (a)$1.4M24 Nov 2025USAspending
Battelle Memorial InstituteDELIVERY ORDER TO PROCURE (3) TLC300.Department of DefenseU.S. Special Operations CommandContractDelivery Order$1.3M26 Nov 2025USAspending
Spectral Energies LLCTURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER (TBL) DRAG REDUCTION FLIGHT DEMONSTRATION VIA DIELECTRIC BARRIER DISCHARGE PLASMA ACTUATORSDepartment of the InteriorDepartmental OfficesContractDefinitive Contract$1.3M6 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of TransportationPROJECT TITLE: HUR TR0105 00.39 (BOUGHTONVILLE) :::: PROJECT DESCRIPTION: BOUGHTONVILLE ROAD DESIGN/BUILD BRIDGE REPLACEMENT IN HURON COUNTY.Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationGrantFormula Grant (a)$1.3M7 Nov 2025USAspending
Miceli Dairy Products CoCOMMODITIES FOR USG FOOD DONATIONS: 2000011022/4400002387/4100033093/CHEESE MOZ LM PT SKM UNFZ PROC PK(41125)Department of AgricultureAgricultural Marketing ServiceContractDelivery Order$1.2M6 Nov 2025USAspending
Mainthia Technologies IncINSTITUTIONAL MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS AND REPAIR CLIN 7National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationContractDelivery Order$1.2M24 Nov 2025USAspending
Marathon Petroleum Company LP8511753188!TURBINE FUEL,AVIATIONDepartment of DefenseDefense Logistics AgencyContractDelivery Order$1.2M13 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of TransportationPROJECT TITLE: STA US 0062 36.42/38.60 :::: PROJECT DESCRIPTION: RESURFACING STA US 62 IN THE CITY OF ALLIANCE. STARK COUNTY.Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationGrantFormula Grant (a)$1.1M3 Nov 2025USAspending
Opportunities for Ohioans With Disabilities AgencyINDEPENDENT LIVING SERVICES FOR OLDER INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE BLIND (OIB)Department of EducationGrantFormula Grant (a)$1.1M26 Nov 2025USAspending
Marathon Petroleum Company LP8511775671!TURBINE FUEL,AVIATIONDepartment of DefenseDefense Logistics AgencyContractDelivery Order$1.1M24 Nov 2025USAspending
Miceli Dairy Products CoCOMMODITIES FOR USG FOOD DONATIONS: 2000011019/4400002394/4100033092/CHEESE MOZ LITE SHRED FRZ BOX-30 LB,CHEESE MOZ LM PART SKM SHRD FRZ BOX-30LB,CHEESE MOZ LM Department of AgricultureAgricultural Marketing ServiceContractDelivery Order$1.1M6 Nov 2025USAspending
Marathon Petroleum Company LP8511762300!TURBINE FUEL,AVIATIONDepartment of DefenseDefense Logistics AgencyContractDelivery Order$1.1M18 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of TransportationPROJECT TITLE: JEF SR 7 30.920 :::: PROJECT DESCRIPTION: JEFFERSON COUNTY, SR 7. REPLACE STRUCTURE JEF-7-3095.Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationGrantFormula Grant (a)$1.1M4 Nov 2025USAspending
Marathon Petroleum Company LP8511737613!TURBINE FUEL,AVIATIONDepartment of DefenseDefense Logistics AgencyContractDelivery Order$1.0M4 Nov 2025USAspending
Goodrich Corporation8511740697!PISTON ASSEMBLY,HYDDepartment of DefenseDefense Logistics AgencyContractDelivery Order$1.0M5 Nov 2025USAspending
Ohio Department of TransportationPROJECT TITLE: MRG SR 555 23.050 :::: PROJECT DESCRIPTION: BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT IN MORGAN COUNTY.Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationGrantFormula Grant (a)$1.0M5 Nov 2025USAspending

Descriptions are USAspending's own award text, truncated; those that appear to name a person are withheld. Recipient names link to the organisation's page where it has one.

Questions and answers

How many federal awards were made in Ohio in November 2025?

76 new prime awards of $1.0M or more with a primary place of performance in Ohio carry a base obligation date in November 2025, with a combined award value of $988M. Smaller awards and modifications to older awards are not counted.

Who received them?

Ohio Department of Children and Youth (1, $286M); Opportunities for Ohioans With Disabilities Agency (2, $176M); Ohio Department of Job & Family Services (6, $141M); Ohio Department of Development (1, $57M); Ohio Department of Transportation (17, $48M). Individuals are never listed.

Is award value the same as spending?

No. Award value is the amount obligated to the award so far as USAspending reports it; obligations are commitments, and outlays (actual payments) follow later, often over several years.

Provenance

Source: USAspending.gov API v2 award search (new awards only, award types contracts, grants, loans and other assistance, lower bound $1.0M), loaded 30 Sep 2026. Direct-payment records are excluded because they are aggregates. The month is assigned by base obligation date. See methodology.